Study and Reference Guide for written examinations for the PRIVATE PILOT LICENCE – AEROPLANE
Study and Reference Guide
for written examinations for the
PRIVATE PILOT LICENCE – AEROPLANE
FIFTH EDITION
November 2006
TP 12880E (06/2010)
TC-1004028
*TC-1004028*
Other related TC Publication: TP 13014 Sample Examination
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© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Transport, 2006.
Permission is granted by the Department of Transport, Canada, to copy and/or reproduce the contents of this publication in whole or in part provided that full acknowledgment is given to the Department of Transport, Canada, and that the material be accurately reproduced. While use of this material has been authorized, the Department of Transport, Canada, shall not be responsible for the manner in which the information is presented, nor for any interpretations thereof.
The information in this publication is to be considered solely as a guide and should not be quoted as or considered to be a legal authority. It may become obsolete in whole or in part at any time without notice.
ISBN 978-1-100-16468-7
Catalogue No. T52-4/55-2010E-PDF
TP 12880E (06/2010)
TC-1004028
Cette publication est aussi disponible en français sous le titre [Guide d’étude et de référence pour les examens écrits pour la Licence de pilote privé]
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
GENERAL ....................................................................................................................... 1
EXAMINATION PREREQUISITES........................................................................................1
KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS .........................................................................................1
EXAMINATION RULES.........................................................................................................1
MATERIALS REQUIRED......................................................................................................1
TIME LIMITS.........................................................................................................................1
REWRITING OF EXAMINATIONS........................................................................................2
EXAMINATION FEEDBACK .................................................................................................2
EXAMINATIONS ............................................................................................................. 3
FULL EXAMINATION............................................................................................................3
SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATIONS...................................................................................3
HELICOPTER TO AEROPLANE EXAMINATION .................................................................4
CONVERSION EXAMINATION, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA FAA PILOT CERTIFICATE – AEROPLANE.............................................................................................4
AIR LAW ......................................................................................................................... 5
AIR LAW AND PROCEDURES.............................................................................................5
NAVIGATION ................................................................................................................ 10
NAVIGATION AND RADIO AIDS........................................................................................10
METEOROLOGY .......................................................................................................... 12
METEOROLOGY................................................................................................................12
AERONAUTICS - GENERAL KNOWLEDGE ............................................................... 14
AIRFRAMES, ENGINES AND SYSTEMS...........................................................................14
THEORY OF FLIGHT..........................................................................................................15
FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS.....................................................................................................16
FLIGHT OPERATIONS.......................................................................................................17
HUMAN FACTORS.............................................................................................................19
RECOMMENDED STUDY MATERIAL ......................................................................... 20
RECOMMENDED STUDY MATERIAL FOR THE FAA CONVERSION EXAMINATION21
ENQUIRIES .................................................................................................................. 23
ii
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1
GENERAL
EXAMINATION PREREQUISITES
Prior to taking a written examination, an applicant for a flight crew permit, licence or rating shall meet the prerequisites for the examination set out in the personnel licensing standards with respect to CAR 401.13(1)
a) medical fitness;
b) identification
c) a recommendation from the flight instructor who is responsible for the training of the applicant; and
d) experience
KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS
All subjects in this guide are considered to be important to applicants for the Private Pilot Licence−Aeroplane and may appear on the exam. Subject areas identified by a bullet (•) are essential knowledge areas that will be emphasized on the written examination.
EXAMINATION RULES
CAR 400.02
(1) Except as authorized by an invigilator, no person shall, or shall attempt to, in respect of a written examination,
a) copy or remove from any place all or any portion of the text of the examination;
b) give to or accept from any person a copy of all or any portion of the text of the examination;
c) give help to or accept help from any person during the examination;
d) complete all or any portion of the examination on behalf of any other person; or
e) use any aid or written material during the examination.
(2) A person who commits an act prohibited under subsection (1) fails the examination and may not take any other examination for a period of one year.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
A pencil is required for rough work. Electronic calculators are useful and are permitted if their memory is cleared before and after the examination. Computers capable of storing text are not approved. Navigation tools (ruler/scale, protractor, flight computer) are required for the navigation questions. A list of approved electronic navigation computers is available at: http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/civilaviation/standards/general-exams-computers-2179.htm
TIME LIMITS
Examinations, including all sections of a sectionalized examination, that are required for the issuance of a permit or licence or for the endorsement of a permit or licence with a rating shall be completed during the 24-month period immediately preceding the date of the application for the permit, licence or rating.
2
REWRITING OF EXAMINATIONS
CAR 400.04 (1)
Subject to subsections (2) and (6), a person who fails an examination or a section of a sectionalized examination required for the issuance of a flight crew permit, licence, rating or foreign licence validation certificate is ineligible to rewrite the examination or the failed section for a period of
a) in the case of a first failure, 14 days;
b) in the case of a second failure, 30 days; and
c) in the case of a third or subsequent failure, 30 days plus an additional 30 days for each failure in excess of two failures, up to a maximum of 180 days.
EXAMINATION FEEDBACK
Feedback statements on the results letter will inform the candidate which questions were answered incorrectly.
Example of a Feedback Statement: Identify the atmospheric conditions favorable for thunderstorm formation.
3
EXAMINATIONS
FULL EXAMINATION
Applicants for the Private Pilot Licence−Aeroplane Category shall demonstrate their knowledge by writing a Transport Canada multiple-choice examination on subjects contained in this guide. Applicants must be able to read the examination questions in either English or French without assistance.
Examination
Questions
Time Limit
Pass Mark
Private Pilot−Aeroplane (PPAER)
100
3 hours
60%
This examination is sectionalized into four mandatory subject areas and requires an overall pass mark of 60%. As well, the candidate must achieve 60% in the following four subject areas:
Mandatory Subjects
AIR LAW
Air Law and Procedures
NAVIGATION
Navigation and Radio Aids
METEOROLOGY
Meteorology
AERONAUTICS - GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
Airframes, Engines, and Systems Theory of Flight
Flight Instruments
Flight Operations
Human Factors
Questions fall under one of the four mandatory subject areas. However, there may be occasions where knowledge from another section is required to arrive at the correct response. For example, a practical question on fuel calculations under NAVIGATION may require knowledge of VFR fuel requirements under AIR LAW.
Applicants who obtain less than 60% on the overall examination will, for licensing purposes, be required to rewrite the complete exam, as specified in CARs 421.26.
SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATIONS
Applicants who obtain 60% or more on the main examination (PPAER), but who fail one or more mandatory subject areas will be assessed a partial pass. During one sitting, they will be required to write supplementary examinations for each subject area failed. Details on the mandatory subject area supplementary examinations are as follows:
Examination
Questions
Time Limit
Pass Mark
AIR LAW (PALAW)
NAVIGATION (PANAV)
METEOROLOGY (PAMET)
AERONAUTICS−
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (PAGEN)
20
20
30
30
1 hour
2 hours
1½ hours
1½ hours
60%
60%
60%
60%
4
NOTE: When writing more than one supplementary examination, the maximum time allowed shall be the sum of the times indicated for each examination, not to exceed 3 hours.
HELICOPTER TO AEROPLANE EXAMINATION
Pilots who hold a valid Private, Commercial or Airline Transport Pilot Licence in the Helicopter Category and who wish to apply for a Private Pilot Licence−Aeroplane shall demonstrate their knowledge by writing the following Transport Canada multiple choice examination.
Examination
Questions
Time Limit
Pass Mark
Private Pilot Aeroplane −Alternate Category (PARAC)
35
1½ hours
60%
The PARAC examination is based on subjects contained in AIR LAW and AERONAUTICS - GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (Airframes, Engines and Systems, Theory of Flight, Flight Instruments and Flight Operations).
CONVERSION EXAMINATION, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA FAA PILOT CERTIFICATE – AEROPLANE
Pilots who hold a FAA Private Pilot Certificate, Commercial or Airline Transport Pilot Certificate – Aeroplane, shall demonstrate their knowledge by writing the following Transport Canada multiple choice examination:
Examination
Questions
Time Limit
Pass Mark
Conversion - Private Pilot Licence – Aeroplane, (FAAPA)
20
1 hour
60%
The FAAPA examination is based on subjects contained in the Air Law and procedures section of this study and reference guide. Candidates should read the recommended references on pages 22 and 23 as they apply to aeroplanes.
5
AIR LAW
AIR LAW AND PROCEDURES
CANADIAN AVIATION REGULATIONS (CARS)
Some Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs) refer to their associated standards. Questions from the CARs may test knowledge from the regulation or the standard.
PART I − GENERAL PROVISIONS
101 − INTERPRETATION
101.01 Interpretation
103 − ADMINISTRATION AND COMPLIANCE
103.02 Inspection of Aircraft, Requests for Production of Documents and Prohibitions
103.03 Return of Canadian Aviation Documents
103.04 Record Keeping
PART II – AIRCRAFT IDENTIFICATION AND REGISTRATION AND OPERATION OF A LEASED AIRCRAFT BY A NON-REGISTERED OWNER
202.01 Requirements for Marks on Aircraft
202.26 Carrying Certificate of Registration on Board the Aircraft
PART III – AERODROMES AND AIRPORTS
300 − INTERPRETATION
300.01 Interpretation
301 − AERODROMES
301.01 Application
• 301.04Markers and Markings
• 301.06Wind Direction Indicator
301.07 Lighting
301.08 Prohibitions
301.09 Fire Prevention
302 − AIRPORTS
302.10 Prohibitions
302.11 Fire Prevention
PART IV − PERSONNEL LICENSING AND TRAINING
400 − GENERAL
400.01 Interpretation
401 − FLIGHT CREW PERMITS, LICENSES AND RATINGS
401.03 Requirement to Hold a Flight Crew Permit, Licence or Rating
401.04 Flight Crew Members of Aircraft Registered in Contracting States other than Canada
• 401.05 Recency Requirements
401.08 Personal Logs
• 401.26 Aeroplane - Privileges (Private Pilot Licence)
401.45 Privileges (Visual Flight Rules (VFR) Over-the-Top)
404 − MEDICAL REQUIREMENTS
404.03 Requirement to Hold a Medical Certificate
404.04 Issuance, Renewal and Validity Period of Medical Certificate
404.06 Prohibition Regarding Exercise of Privileges
404.18 Permission to Continue to Exercise the Privileges of a Permit, Licence or Rating
PART VI − GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES
6
600 − INTERPRETATION
600.01 Interpretation
601 − AIRSPACE STRUCTURE, CLASSIFICATION AND USE
601.01 Airspace Structure
601.02 Airspace Classification
• 601.03 Transponder Airspace
• 601.04 IFR or VFR Flight in Class F Special Use Restricted Airspace or Class F Special Use Advisory Airspace
601.06 VFR Flight in Class A Airspace
601.07 VFR Flight in Class B Airspace
• 601.08 VFR Flight in Class C Airspace
• 601.09 VFR Flight in Class D Airspace
601.15 Forest Fire Aircraft Operating Restrictions
601.16 Issuance of NOTAM for Forest Fire Aircraft Operating Restrictions
602 − OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES
GENERAL
602.01 Reckless or Negligent Operation of Aircraft
602.02 Fitness of Flight Crew Members
602.03 Alcohol or Drugs − Crew Members
602.04 Alcohol or Drugs − Passengers
602.05 Compliance with Instructions
602.06 Smoking
602.07 Aircraft Operating Limitations
602.08 Portable Electronic Devices
602.09 Fuelling with Engines Running
• 602.10 Starting and Ground Running of Aircraft Engines
• 602.11 Aircraft Icing
• 602.12 Overflight of Built-up Areas or Open-Air Assemblies of Persons during Take-offs, Approaches and Landings
• 602.13 Take-offs, Approaches and Landings within Built-up Areas of Cities and Towns
• 602.14Minimum Altitude and Distances
602.15 Permissible Low Altitude Flight
• 602.19 Right-of-Way − General
602.20 Right-of-Way − Aircraft Manoeuvring on Water
• 602.21 Avoidance of Collision
602.22 Towing
602.23 Dropping of Objects
602.24 Formation Flight
602.25 Entering or Leaving an Aircraft in Flight
602.26 Parachute Descents
• 602.27 Aerobatic Manoeuvres − Prohibited Areas and Flight Conditions
602.28 Aerobatic Manoeuvres with Passengers
• 602.31 Compliance with Air Traffic Control Instructions and Clearances
602.32 Airspeed Limitations
• 602.34 Cruising Altitudes and Cruising Flight Levels
• 602.35 Altimeter-setting and Operating Procedures in the Altimeter-setting Region
• 602.36 Altimeter-setting and Operating Procedures in the Standard Pressure Region
602.37 Altimeter-setting and Operating Procedures in Transition between Regions
602.40 Landing at or Take-off from an Aerodrome at Night
7
OPERATIONAL AND EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
602.58 Prohibition
602.59 Equipment Standards
• 602.60 Requirements for Power-driven Aircraft
602.61 Survival Equipment − Flights over Land
• 602.62 Life Preservers and Flotation Devices
• 602.63 Life Rafts and Survival Equipment – Flight over Water
FLIGHT PREPARATION, FLIGHT PLANS AND FLIGHT ITINERARIES
602.70 Interpretation
602.71 Pre-flight Information
602.72Weather Information
• 602.73 Requirements to File a Flight Plan or a Flight Itinerary
602.74 Contents of a Flight Plan or a Flight Itinerary
602.75 Filing of a Flight Plan or a Flight Itinerary
• 602.76 Changes in the Flight Plan
• 602.77 Requirement to File an Arrival Report
602.78 Contents of an Arrival Report
602.79 Overdue Aircraft Report
PRE-FLIGHT AND FUEL REQUIREMENTS
602.86 Carry-on Baggage, Equipment and Cargo
• 602.88 Fuel Requirements
602.89 Passenger Briefings
OPERATIONS AT OR IN THE VICINITY OF AN AERODROME
• 602.96 General
• 602.97 VFR and IFR Aircraft Operations at Uncontrolled Aerodromes within a MF Area (Mandatory Frequency Area)
• 602.98 General MF Reporting Requirements
• 602.99MF Reporting Procedures before Entering Manoeuvring Area
• 602.100 MF Reporting Procedures on Departure
• 602.101 MF Reporting Procedures on Arrival
• 602.102 MF Reporting Procedures when Flying Continuous Circuits
• 602.103 Reporting Procedures when Flying through an MF Area
VISUAL FLIGHT RULES
• 602.114 Minimum Visual Meteorological Conditions for VFR Flight in VFR Flight in Controlled Airspace
• 602.115 Minimum Visual Meteorological Conditions for VFR Flight in Uncontrolled Airspace
• 602.116 VFR Over-the-Top
• 602.117 Special VFR Flight
RADIOCOMMUNICATIONS
602.136 Continuous Listening Watch
• 602.138 Two-way Radiocommunication Failure in VFR Flight
EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS AND SECURITY
602.143 Emergency Radio Frequency Capability
602.144 Interception Signals, Interception of Aircraft and Instructions to Land
602.145 ADIZ
602.146 ESCAT Plan
605 − AIRCRAFT REQUIREMENTS
8
GENERAL
605.03 Flight Authority
605.04 Availability of Aircraft Flight Manual
605.05Markings and Placards
605.08 Unserviceable and Removed Equipment − General
AIRCRAFT EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
• 605.14 Power-driven Aircraft − Day VFR
605.15 Power-driven Aircraft – VFR OTT (Over-the-Top)
605.16 Power-driven Aircraft – Night VFR
605.17 Use of Position and Anti-collision Lights
605.22 Seat and Safety Belt Requirements
605.24 Shoulder Harness Requirements
• 605.25 General use of Safety Belts and Restraint Systems
605.28 Child Restraint System
605.29 Flight Control Locks
605.31 Oxygen Equipment and Supply
• 605.32 Use of Oxygen
• 605.35 Transponder and Automatic Pressure-altitude Reporting Equipment
605.38 ELT
• 605.40 ELT Activation AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS
605.84 Aircraft Maintenance − General
605.85Maintenance Release and Elementary Work
605.86Maintenance Schedule
605.88 Inspection after Abnormal Occurrences
TECHNICAL RECORD
605.92 Requirement to Keep Technical Records
605.93 Technical Records − General
605.94 Journey Log Requirements
605.95 Journey Log − Carrying on Board
605.97 Transfer of Records
606 − MISCELLANEOUS
606.02 Liability Insurance
9
TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD OF CANADA (TSB) − (AIM GEN 3.0)
1 Definitions
• 2 Reporting an aviation occurrence
• 3 Protection of occurrence site
AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES AND PROCEDURES
• 1 Air Traffic Services and Advisory Services
• 2 Communication procedures
• 3 Radar service − clock position system
• 4 ATC clearances and instructions
5 Wake turbulence separation
• 6 Controlled and uncontrolled aerodrome operations
7 Mandatory (MF) and Aerodrome Traffic Frequencies (ATF)
8 VFR en route procedures
9 VFR holding procedures
• 10Operations on intersecting runways including (LAHSO)
• 11 Procedures for the prevention of runway incursion
10
NAVIGATION
NAVIGATION AND RADIO AIDS
DEFINITIONS
1 Meridian
2 Prime Meridian
3 Longitude
4 Equator
5 Latitude
6 Rhumb Line/Great Circle
7 Variation
8 Isogonal
9 Agonic Line
10 Deviation
11 Track
12 Heading
13 Airspeed
14Ground Speed
15 Air Position
16 Ground Position
17 Bearing
18Wind Velocity
19 Drift
MAPS AND CHARTS
1 VTA − Transverse Mercator Projection
2 VNC − Lambert Conformal Conic Projection
• 3 Topographical symbols
• 4 Elevation and contours (relief)
• 5 Aeronautical information
• 6 Scale and units of measurement
• 7 Locating position by latitude and longitude
8 Navigation aids
TIME AND LONGITUDE
1 24 hour system
2 Time Zones and relation to longitude
3 Conversion of UTC to local and vice versa
PILOT NAVIGATION
1 Use of Aeronautical Charts
• 2 Measurement of track and distance
3 Map reading
4 Setting heading − visual angle of departure
5 Check-points and pin-points
6 Use of position lines to obtain a fix
• 7 Ground Speed checks and ETA revisions
• 8 Variation/deviation
• 9 True track/magnetic track
10 Determining drift by 10° lines
11 Double track error method to regain track
12Opening and closing angles method
13 Visual alteration method of correcting to track
• 14 Diversion to alternate destination
• 15 Return to departure point (Reciprocal Track)
16 Low Level Navigation
17 Dead reckoning (DR navigation), triangle of velocity
18 In-flight log and mental calculations
• 19 Procedures when lost
20 True, magnetic and compass headings
21 Indicated airspeed, calibrated airspeed
22 True airspeed, ground speed
23 Compass errors
24 Radio communications
11
NAVIGATION COMPUTERS
• 1 Heading and ground speed
• 2 Pressure, density and true altitudes
• 3 Indicated, calibrated and true airspeed
• 4 Time, ground speed and distance
• 5 Fuel consumption and conversions
PRE-FLIGHT PREPARATION
• 1 Factors affecting choice of route
2 Map preparation
3 Meteorological information
• 4 NOTAM
5 Selection of check-points
• 6 Fuel requirements
• 7 Weight and balance
• 8 Use of Canada Flight Supplement
9 Documents to be carried in aircraft
10 Flight Plans, itineraries
11 Flight log forms
12 Aircraft serviceability
RADIO THEORY
1 Characteristics of low, high and very high frequency radio waves
2 Frequency bands used in navigation and communication
3 Reception limitations
VHF OMNIDIRECTION RANGE (VOR)
1 Aircraft equipment
2 Tuning and identifying
3 Serviceability check
• 4 Interpretation, orientation and homing
5 Voice feature
AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER (ADF)
1 Aircraft equipment
2 Tuning and identifying
3 Serviceability check
4 Interpretation, orientation and homing
5 Voice feature
GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM (GNSS/GPS)
• 1 Basic principles, use and limitations
OTHER RADIO AND RADAR AIDS – BASIC PRINCIPLES AND USE
• 1 Transponder
• 2 Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)
• 3 VHF Direction Finding (DF) assistance
4 Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR) (primary and secondary)
12
METEOROLOGY
METEOROLOGY
THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE
1 Composition and physical properties
2 Vertical structure
3 Standard atmosphere
4 Density and pressure
5 Expansion and compression
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
1 Units of measurement
2 Station pressure
3 Sea level pressure
4 Pressure systems and their variations
5 Effects of temperature
6 Isobars
METEOROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ALTIMETRY
• 1 Pressure altitude
• 2 Density altitude
• 3 Altimeter settings
• 4 Considerations when flying to/from high to low pressure or temperature areas
TEMPERATURE
• 1 Heating and cooling of the atmosphere − convection, advection and radiation
2 Horizontal differences
• 3 Temperature variations with altitude
• 4 Inversions
5 Isothermal layers
MOISTURE
• 1 Relative humidity and dewpoint
2 Sublimation and condensation
3 Cloud formation
4 Precipitation
5 Saturated and dry adiabatic lapse rate
STABILITY AND INSTABILITY
1 Lapse rate and stability
2 Modification of stability
• 3 Characteristics of stable and unstable air
4 Surface heating and cooling
• 5 Lifting processes
6 Subsidence and convergence
CLOUDS
1 Classification
2 Formation and structure
• 3 Types and recognition
• 4 Associated precipitation and turbulence
SURFACE BASED LAYERS
• 1 Fog formation
• 2 Fog types (including mist)
3 Haze and smoke
4 Blowing obstruction to vision
TURBULENCE
1 Convection
2 Mechanical
3 Orographic
• 4 Wind shear
5 Reporting criteria
WIND
1 Definition
• 2 Pressure gradient
3 Deflection caused by the earth's rotation
• 4 Low level winds − variation in surface wind
5 Friction
• 6 Veer/back
7 Squall/gusts
8 Diurnal effects
9 Land and sea breezes
10 Katabatic and anabatic effects
• 11 Topographical effects
• 12Wind shear − types, causes
13
AIR MASSES
1 Definition and characteristics
2 Formation and classification
3 Modification
4 Factors that determine weather
5 Seasonal and geographic effects
6 Air masses affecting North America
FRONTS
1 Structure
• 2 Types
3 Formation
4 Cross-sections
• 5 Cold front weather
• 6 Warm front weather
7 Trowal and upper front
AIRCRAFT ICING
1 In-flight − freezing rain
2 Hoar frost
3 Impact icing (engine)
THUNDERSTORMS
• 1 Requirements for development
2 Structure and development
3 Types − air mass and frontal
• 4 Hazards − Updrafts, downdrafts, gust fronts, downbursts, microbursts, hail and lightning
5 Squall lines
HURRICANES AND TORNADOES
1 Hazards
METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES AVAILABLE TO PILOTS
1 Aviation Weather Information Services (AWIS)
2 Aviation Weather Briefing Service (AWBS)
3 Flight Service Stations (FSS) and Flight Information Centres
4 Pilot's Automatic Telephone Weather Answering Service (PATWAS)
5 Aviation Weather Web Site (AWWS)
6 Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS)
AVIATION WEATHER REPORTS
• 1 Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR) – decoding
2 Automated Weather Observation Station (AWOS)
3 Pilot Reports (PIREP)
AVIATION FORECASTS
• 1 Times issued and period of coverage
• 2 Decoding
• 3 Graphical Area Forecast (GFA)
• 4 Terminal Area Forecast (TAF)
• 5 Upper Winds and Temperature Forecast (FD)
6 Airman's Meteorological Advisory (AIRMET)
• 7 Significant In-flight Weather Warning Message (SIGMET)
WEATHER MAPS AND PROGNOSTIC CHARTS
1 Times issued and period of coverage
2 Symbols and decoding
3 Surface weather map
4 Upper air charts − weather Information to 700 mb Level
5 Prognostic surface charts
14
AERONAUTICS - GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
AIRFRAMES, ENGINES AND SYSTEMS
AIRFRAMES
1 Types of construction
LANDING GEAR, BRAKES AND FLAPS
1 Mechanical
2 Hydraulic
3 Electric
ENGINES
1 Two and four stroke cycle
2 Methods of cooling
3 Principle of the magneto
• 4 Dual ignition
5 Exhaust systems
• 6 Auxiliary controls
7 Turbo-charging
8 Effects of density altitudes and humidity
9 Limitations and operations
10 Instruments
CARBURATION
1 Theory of operation
• 2 Fuel-air mixture
• 3 Mixture controls
• 4 Carburettor icing
• 5 Use of Carb heat and its effects on mixture
FUEL INJECTION
1 Principle and operation
2 Icing
3 Alternate air
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
1 Generator, alternator and battery
2 Lighting
3 Ammeter and load meter
4 Bus bars
5 Circuit breakers and fuses
6 Grounding and bonding
LUBRICATING SYSTEMS AND OILS
• 1 Types, viscosity, grades and seasonal use
• 2 Purposes
3 Methods of lubrication
4 Venting
5 Filters
6 Oil Cooler
FUEL SYSTEM AND FUELS
1 Types − Colour and properties
2 Density and weight
3 Additives
• 4 Contamination and deterioration
5 Tank location
6 Venting
7 Fuel line − filters and drains
8 Induction manifold
• 9 Detonation − causes and effects
10 Vapour lock
11 Primers
12 Fuel management
• 13 Fuel handling − fuelling aircraft
OTHER AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS
1 Oxygen
2 Vacuum
15
THEORY OF FLIGHT
PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
1 Bernoulli's Theorem
2 Newton's Laws
FORCES ACTING ON AN AEROPLANE
• 1 Lift
• 2 Drag − induced and parasite
• 3 Relationship of lift and drag to angle of attack
4 Thrust
5 Weight
6 Equilibrium
7 Centre of pressure
8 Centrifugal and centripetal
• 9 Forces acting on an aircraft during manoeuvres
• 10 Relationship of load factor to stalling speed
• 11 Structural limitations
12 Gust loads
AEROFOILS
1 Pressure distribution about an aerofoil
• 2 Relative airflow and angle of attack
3 Downwash
4 Wing tip vortices
5 Angle of incidence
PROPELLERS
1 Propeller efficiency at various speeds
2 Fixed and variable pitch
3 Torque, slipstream, gyroscopic effect and asymmetric thrust
DESIGN OF THE WING
1 Wing planform
2 Area, span, chord
3 Aspect ratio
4 Streamlining
5 Camber
6 Laminar flow
7 Dihedral, anhedral
8 Wash in, wash out
9 Slots, slats
10 Wing fences, stall strips
11 Spoilers
• 12 Flaps
13 Canards
STABILITY
• 1 Longitudinal, lateral and directional stability
2 Inherent stability
3 Methods of achieving stability
FLIGHT CONTROLS
1 Aeroplane axes and planes of movement
2 Functions of controls
3 Relationship between effects of yaw and roll
4 Adverse yaw, aileron drag
5 Static and dynamic balancing of controls
6 Trim and trimming devices
16
FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS
PITOT STATIC SYSTEM
• 1 Pitot
• 2 Static
3 Anti-icing
4 Alternate static − source, errors
AIRSPEED INDICATOR
1 Principles of Operation
• 2 Errors
• 3 Markings
4 Definitions (IAS/CAS/TAS)
VERTICAL SPEED INDICATOR
1 Principles of operation
2 Errors
3 Lag
ALTIMETER/ENCODING ALTIMETER
1 Principles of operation
2 Errors
MAGNETIC COMPASS
1 Principles of operation
• 2 Magnetic dip
• 3 Turning, acceleration and deceleration errors
4 Deviation
5 Compass correction card
6 Compass serviceability
GYROSCOPE
1 Principles of operation
2 Inertia
3 Precession
HEADING INDICATOR
• 1 Principles of operation
• 2 Errors
3 Limitations
4 Power sources
ATTITUDE INDICATOR
• 1 Principles of operations
• 2 Errors
3 Limitations
4 Power sources
TURN AND BANK INDICATOR/TURN CO-ORDINATOR
• 1 Principles of operations
2 Errors
3 Limitations
4 Power sources
INSTRUMENT FLYING
1 Loss of visual reference
2 The control and performance instruments
3 Instrument scan and interpretation
4 Aircraft control
5 Unusual attitudes and recoveries
17
FLIGHT OPERATIONS
GENERAL
1 Pilot-In-Command responsibilities
2 Winter operations
3 Thunderstorms avoidance
4 Mountain flying operations
5 Collision avoidance − use of landing lights
• 6 Runway numbering
7 Airport rotating beacon
8 VASIS/PAPI
9 Obstruction marking and lighting
10 Units of measurements and conversion
11 Radio communications
• 12Wheelbarrowing
• 13 Hydro-planning
• 14 Taxiing
• 15 Effects of wind and wind shear
• 16 Side-slips
USE OF PERFORMANCE CHARTS
• 1 Take-off charts
• 2 Cross-wind charts
• 3 Canadian Runway Friction Index (CRFI)
• 4 Cruise charts
5 Fuel burn charts
• 6 Landing charts
7 Performance (V) speeds − Va, Vno, Vfe, Vlo, Vne, Vs, Vx, Vy
8 Effect of ice, snow, frost, slush, water on take-off and landing distance
9 Effect of various runway surfaces on take-off and landing distance
10 Upslope, downslope runway
AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE
• 1 Effects of aircraft critical surface contamination
2 Lift/drag ratio
• 3 Effects of density altitude and humidity
4 Attitude plus power equals performance
5 Normal, short, soft and rough field take-offs and landing
• 6 Ground effect
• 7 Best angle of climb (Vx)
• 8 Best rate of climb (Vy)
• 9 Manoeuvring speed (Va)
10 Normal operating limit speed (Vno)
11 Never exceed speed (Vne)
12Maximum flap speed (Vfe)
13Maximum gear operating speed (Vlo)
14 Gliding for range
15 Flying for range
16 Flying for endurance
• 17 Slow flight
• 18 Stalls
• 19 Indicated and true stalling speed
• 20 Stall speed vs altitude
• 21 Spins
• 22 Spirals
23 Recommended safe recovery altitudes
24 Bank/speed vs rate/radius of turn
• 25 Effects of change of weight or centre of gravity (CG) on performance
26 Use of aircraft flight manual and approved operational information
27 Use of unapproved operational information
18
WEIGHT AND BALANCE
1 Terms − e.g. datum, arm and moment
• 2 Locating CG
• 3 CG limits
4 Empty weight and gross weight
5 Load adjustment
6 Cargo tie-down and passenger loading
• 7 Normal and utility category
WAKE TURBULENCE
• 1 Causes
• 2 Effects
• 3 Avoidance
SEARCH AND RESCUE (SAR) (AIM Canada − SAR Information)
1 Types of service available
• 2 ELT (exclude categories)
3 Aircraft emergencies
4 Survival – basic techniques
AIRCRAFT CRITICAL SURFACE CONTAMINATION
1 Clean aircraft concept
2 Frozen contaminants and removal techniques
3 Cold soaking phenomenon
4 Pre-take-off contamination inspection
5 De-ice/Anti-ice fluids - Type I, II, III, IV
6 Correct use of fluids
19
HUMAN FACTORS
AVIATION PHYSIOLOGY
• 1 Hypoxia and hyperventilation
2 Gas expansion effects
3 Decompression (including SCUBA diving)
• 4 Visual scanning techniques
5 Hearing
• 6 Orientation and disorientation (Including visual and vestibular illusions)
7 Positive and negative “G”
8 Sleep and fatigue
9 Anaesthetics
10 Blood donations
THE PILOT AND THE OPERATING ENVIRONMENT
1 Personal health and fitness
2 Diet and nutrition
• 3 Medications (prescribed and over-the-counter)
4 Substance abuse (alcohol and drugs)
5 Pregnancy
6 Heat and cold
7 Noise and vibration
8 Effects of smoking
• 9 Toxic hazards (including carbon monoxide)
AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY
1 The decision-making process
• 2 Factors that influence decision- making
• 3 Situational awareness
• 4 Stress
• 5 Managing risk
6 Attitudes
7 Workload − attention and information processing
PILOT − EQUIPMENT/MATERIALS RELATIONSHIP
1 Controls and displays − errors in interpretation and control
2 Errors in the interpretation and use of maps and charts
3 Correct use of check-lists and manuals
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS
1 Communications with maintenance personnel, air traffic services and passengers
2 Operating pressures − family relationships and peer group
20
RECOMMENDED STUDY MATERIAL
• Sample Examination for Private Pilot Licence (TP 13014E)
• Student Pilot Permit or Private Pilot Licence for Foreign and Military Applicants, Air Regulations (PSTAR) (TP 11919E)
• When in Doubt… Small and Large Aircraft - Aircraft Critical Surface Contamination Training (TP 10643E)
• Air Command Weather Manual (TP 9352E)
• Air Command Weather Manual (Supplement) (TP 9353E)
• Flight Training Manual
• Human Factors for Aviation - Basic Handbook (TP 12863E)
• Aeronautical Information Manual (TC AIM) (TP 14371E )
• Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs)
• VFR Navigation Charts (VNC) / VFR Terminal Area Charts (VTA)
• Canada Flight Supplement (CFS)
The Study Guide (RIC-21) for the Radiotelephone Operator's Restricted Certificate (Aeronautical) is available free of charge from district offices of Industry Canada - Examination and Radio Licensing (http://www.strategis.gc.ca).
Information on textbooks and other publications produced by commercial publishers can be obtained through local flying training organizations, bookstores and similar sources.
21
RECOMMENDED STUDY MATERIAL FOR THE FAA CONVERSION EXAMINATION
Candidates attempting the examination for conversion from an FAA certificate to a Canadian Private pilot licence (FAAPA examination) are encouraged to review the following references as they apply to aeroplanes in VFR operations:
CARs Part I, Subpart 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS
101.01 - Interpretation (definitions as needed)
CARs Part IV, Subpart 1 FLIGHT CREW PERMITS, LICENCES AND RATINGS
401.05 – Recency Requirements
401.26 – Private Pilot Licence, Aeroplanes – Privileges
CARs Part IV, Subpart 4 MEDICAL REQUIREMENTS
404.04 – Issuance, Renewal, validity Period and Extension of a medical certificate
CARs Part VI, Subpart 1 AIRSPACE
Division I – Airspace Structure, Classification and Use
Division II – Aircraft Operating Restrictions and Hazards to Aviation Safety
CARs Part VI, Subpart 2 OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES
Division I – General
Division II – Operational and emergency Equipment requirements
Division III – Flight Preparation, Flight Plans and Flight Itineraries
Division IV – Pre-Flight and Fuel Requirements
Division V – Operations at or in the Vicinity of an Aerodrome
Division VI – Visual Flight Rules
Division VIII – Radiocommunications
Division IX – Emergency Communications and Security
CARs Part VI, Subpart 5 AIRCRAFT REQUIRMENTS
Division I – Aircraft Requirements – General
Division II – Aircraft Equipment Requirements
TC AIM – GEN GENERAL
1.0 – General Information
3.0 – Transportation Safety Board of Canada
TC AIM – AGA AERODROMES
7.19 – Aerodrome Lightning – Aircraft Radio control of Aerodrome Lightning (ARCAL)
TC AIM – COM COMMUNICATIONS
5.15 – Radio Communications – Phone use during radio Communication Failure
TC AIM – RAC RULES OF THE AIR AND AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES
2.0 – Airspace – Requirements and Procedures
3.6 – Flight Planning – Flight Plans and flight Itineraries (Opening)
3.12 – Closing
4.0 – Airport Operations
5.0 – VFR En Route Procedures
TC AIM – SAR SEARCH AND RESCUE
22
3.9 – emergency Locator transmitter – Schedule of requirements
TC AIM – MAP AERONAUTICAL CHARTS AND PUBLICATIONS
2.0 – Aeronautical Information – VFR
6.0 – Aeronautical Information Circulars – General
TC LRA LICENSING, REGISTRATION AND AIRWORTHINESS
3.9 – Pilot Licensing – Recency Requirements
TC AIM – AIR AIRMANSHIP
1.6 – General Information – Canadian Runway Friction Index
2.12 – Flight Operations – Flight Operations in Winter
23
ENQUIRIES
Information concerning the location of pilot training organizations and matters pertaining to flight crew licensing may be obtained by contacting the appropriate Regional Offices. A complete listing may be found at: http://www.tc.gc.ca/fra/aviationcivile/normes/generale-examens-centres-2178.htm
for written examinations for the
PRIVATE PILOT LICENCE – AEROPLANE
FIFTH EDITION
November 2006
TP 12880E (06/2010)
TC-1004028
*TC-1004028*
Other related TC Publication: TP 13014 Sample Examination
Please direct your comments, orders and inquiries to:
The Order Desk MultiMedia Products and Services Transport Canada (AARA-MPS) 2655 Lancaster Rd. Ottawa ON K1B 4L5
Telephone: 1-888-830-4911 (in North America) 613-991-4071 (other countries) Fax: 613-991-1653 E-Mail: MPS@tc.gc.ca
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Transport, 2006.
Permission is granted by the Department of Transport, Canada, to copy and/or reproduce the contents of this publication in whole or in part provided that full acknowledgment is given to the Department of Transport, Canada, and that the material be accurately reproduced. While use of this material has been authorized, the Department of Transport, Canada, shall not be responsible for the manner in which the information is presented, nor for any interpretations thereof.
The information in this publication is to be considered solely as a guide and should not be quoted as or considered to be a legal authority. It may become obsolete in whole or in part at any time without notice.
ISBN 978-1-100-16468-7
Catalogue No. T52-4/55-2010E-PDF
TP 12880E (06/2010)
TC-1004028
Cette publication est aussi disponible en français sous le titre [Guide d’étude et de référence pour les examens écrits pour la Licence de pilote privé]
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
GENERAL ....................................................................................................................... 1
EXAMINATION PREREQUISITES........................................................................................1
KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS .........................................................................................1
EXAMINATION RULES.........................................................................................................1
MATERIALS REQUIRED......................................................................................................1
TIME LIMITS.........................................................................................................................1
REWRITING OF EXAMINATIONS........................................................................................2
EXAMINATION FEEDBACK .................................................................................................2
EXAMINATIONS ............................................................................................................. 3
FULL EXAMINATION............................................................................................................3
SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATIONS...................................................................................3
HELICOPTER TO AEROPLANE EXAMINATION .................................................................4
CONVERSION EXAMINATION, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA FAA PILOT CERTIFICATE – AEROPLANE.............................................................................................4
AIR LAW ......................................................................................................................... 5
AIR LAW AND PROCEDURES.............................................................................................5
NAVIGATION ................................................................................................................ 10
NAVIGATION AND RADIO AIDS........................................................................................10
METEOROLOGY .......................................................................................................... 12
METEOROLOGY................................................................................................................12
AERONAUTICS - GENERAL KNOWLEDGE ............................................................... 14
AIRFRAMES, ENGINES AND SYSTEMS...........................................................................14
THEORY OF FLIGHT..........................................................................................................15
FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS.....................................................................................................16
FLIGHT OPERATIONS.......................................................................................................17
HUMAN FACTORS.............................................................................................................19
RECOMMENDED STUDY MATERIAL ......................................................................... 20
RECOMMENDED STUDY MATERIAL FOR THE FAA CONVERSION EXAMINATION21
ENQUIRIES .................................................................................................................. 23
ii
Intentionally left blank
1
GENERAL
EXAMINATION PREREQUISITES
Prior to taking a written examination, an applicant for a flight crew permit, licence or rating shall meet the prerequisites for the examination set out in the personnel licensing standards with respect to CAR 401.13(1)
a) medical fitness;
b) identification
c) a recommendation from the flight instructor who is responsible for the training of the applicant; and
d) experience
KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS
All subjects in this guide are considered to be important to applicants for the Private Pilot Licence−Aeroplane and may appear on the exam. Subject areas identified by a bullet (•) are essential knowledge areas that will be emphasized on the written examination.
EXAMINATION RULES
CAR 400.02
(1) Except as authorized by an invigilator, no person shall, or shall attempt to, in respect of a written examination,
a) copy or remove from any place all or any portion of the text of the examination;
b) give to or accept from any person a copy of all or any portion of the text of the examination;
c) give help to or accept help from any person during the examination;
d) complete all or any portion of the examination on behalf of any other person; or
e) use any aid or written material during the examination.
(2) A person who commits an act prohibited under subsection (1) fails the examination and may not take any other examination for a period of one year.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
A pencil is required for rough work. Electronic calculators are useful and are permitted if their memory is cleared before and after the examination. Computers capable of storing text are not approved. Navigation tools (ruler/scale, protractor, flight computer) are required for the navigation questions. A list of approved electronic navigation computers is available at: http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/civilaviation/standards/general-exams-computers-2179.htm
TIME LIMITS
Examinations, including all sections of a sectionalized examination, that are required for the issuance of a permit or licence or for the endorsement of a permit or licence with a rating shall be completed during the 24-month period immediately preceding the date of the application for the permit, licence or rating.
2
REWRITING OF EXAMINATIONS
CAR 400.04 (1)
Subject to subsections (2) and (6), a person who fails an examination or a section of a sectionalized examination required for the issuance of a flight crew permit, licence, rating or foreign licence validation certificate is ineligible to rewrite the examination or the failed section for a period of
a) in the case of a first failure, 14 days;
b) in the case of a second failure, 30 days; and
c) in the case of a third or subsequent failure, 30 days plus an additional 30 days for each failure in excess of two failures, up to a maximum of 180 days.
EXAMINATION FEEDBACK
Feedback statements on the results letter will inform the candidate which questions were answered incorrectly.
Example of a Feedback Statement: Identify the atmospheric conditions favorable for thunderstorm formation.
3
EXAMINATIONS
FULL EXAMINATION
Applicants for the Private Pilot Licence−Aeroplane Category shall demonstrate their knowledge by writing a Transport Canada multiple-choice examination on subjects contained in this guide. Applicants must be able to read the examination questions in either English or French without assistance.
Examination
Questions
Time Limit
Pass Mark
Private Pilot−Aeroplane (PPAER)
100
3 hours
60%
This examination is sectionalized into four mandatory subject areas and requires an overall pass mark of 60%. As well, the candidate must achieve 60% in the following four subject areas:
Mandatory Subjects
AIR LAW
Air Law and Procedures
NAVIGATION
Navigation and Radio Aids
METEOROLOGY
Meteorology
AERONAUTICS - GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
Airframes, Engines, and Systems Theory of Flight
Flight Instruments
Flight Operations
Human Factors
Questions fall under one of the four mandatory subject areas. However, there may be occasions where knowledge from another section is required to arrive at the correct response. For example, a practical question on fuel calculations under NAVIGATION may require knowledge of VFR fuel requirements under AIR LAW.
Applicants who obtain less than 60% on the overall examination will, for licensing purposes, be required to rewrite the complete exam, as specified in CARs 421.26.
SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATIONS
Applicants who obtain 60% or more on the main examination (PPAER), but who fail one or more mandatory subject areas will be assessed a partial pass. During one sitting, they will be required to write supplementary examinations for each subject area failed. Details on the mandatory subject area supplementary examinations are as follows:
Examination
Questions
Time Limit
Pass Mark
AIR LAW (PALAW)
NAVIGATION (PANAV)
METEOROLOGY (PAMET)
AERONAUTICS−
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (PAGEN)
20
20
30
30
1 hour
2 hours
1½ hours
1½ hours
60%
60%
60%
60%
4
NOTE: When writing more than one supplementary examination, the maximum time allowed shall be the sum of the times indicated for each examination, not to exceed 3 hours.
HELICOPTER TO AEROPLANE EXAMINATION
Pilots who hold a valid Private, Commercial or Airline Transport Pilot Licence in the Helicopter Category and who wish to apply for a Private Pilot Licence−Aeroplane shall demonstrate their knowledge by writing the following Transport Canada multiple choice examination.
Examination
Questions
Time Limit
Pass Mark
Private Pilot Aeroplane −Alternate Category (PARAC)
35
1½ hours
60%
The PARAC examination is based on subjects contained in AIR LAW and AERONAUTICS - GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (Airframes, Engines and Systems, Theory of Flight, Flight Instruments and Flight Operations).
CONVERSION EXAMINATION, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA FAA PILOT CERTIFICATE – AEROPLANE
Pilots who hold a FAA Private Pilot Certificate, Commercial or Airline Transport Pilot Certificate – Aeroplane, shall demonstrate their knowledge by writing the following Transport Canada multiple choice examination:
Examination
Questions
Time Limit
Pass Mark
Conversion - Private Pilot Licence – Aeroplane, (FAAPA)
20
1 hour
60%
The FAAPA examination is based on subjects contained in the Air Law and procedures section of this study and reference guide. Candidates should read the recommended references on pages 22 and 23 as they apply to aeroplanes.
5
AIR LAW
AIR LAW AND PROCEDURES
CANADIAN AVIATION REGULATIONS (CARS)
Some Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs) refer to their associated standards. Questions from the CARs may test knowledge from the regulation or the standard.
PART I − GENERAL PROVISIONS
101 − INTERPRETATION
101.01 Interpretation
103 − ADMINISTRATION AND COMPLIANCE
103.02 Inspection of Aircraft, Requests for Production of Documents and Prohibitions
103.03 Return of Canadian Aviation Documents
103.04 Record Keeping
PART II – AIRCRAFT IDENTIFICATION AND REGISTRATION AND OPERATION OF A LEASED AIRCRAFT BY A NON-REGISTERED OWNER
202.01 Requirements for Marks on Aircraft
202.26 Carrying Certificate of Registration on Board the Aircraft
PART III – AERODROMES AND AIRPORTS
300 − INTERPRETATION
300.01 Interpretation
301 − AERODROMES
301.01 Application
• 301.04Markers and Markings
• 301.06Wind Direction Indicator
301.07 Lighting
301.08 Prohibitions
301.09 Fire Prevention
302 − AIRPORTS
302.10 Prohibitions
302.11 Fire Prevention
PART IV − PERSONNEL LICENSING AND TRAINING
400 − GENERAL
400.01 Interpretation
401 − FLIGHT CREW PERMITS, LICENSES AND RATINGS
401.03 Requirement to Hold a Flight Crew Permit, Licence or Rating
401.04 Flight Crew Members of Aircraft Registered in Contracting States other than Canada
• 401.05 Recency Requirements
401.08 Personal Logs
• 401.26 Aeroplane - Privileges (Private Pilot Licence)
401.45 Privileges (Visual Flight Rules (VFR) Over-the-Top)
404 − MEDICAL REQUIREMENTS
404.03 Requirement to Hold a Medical Certificate
404.04 Issuance, Renewal and Validity Period of Medical Certificate
404.06 Prohibition Regarding Exercise of Privileges
404.18 Permission to Continue to Exercise the Privileges of a Permit, Licence or Rating
PART VI − GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES
6
600 − INTERPRETATION
600.01 Interpretation
601 − AIRSPACE STRUCTURE, CLASSIFICATION AND USE
601.01 Airspace Structure
601.02 Airspace Classification
• 601.03 Transponder Airspace
• 601.04 IFR or VFR Flight in Class F Special Use Restricted Airspace or Class F Special Use Advisory Airspace
601.06 VFR Flight in Class A Airspace
601.07 VFR Flight in Class B Airspace
• 601.08 VFR Flight in Class C Airspace
• 601.09 VFR Flight in Class D Airspace
601.15 Forest Fire Aircraft Operating Restrictions
601.16 Issuance of NOTAM for Forest Fire Aircraft Operating Restrictions
602 − OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES
GENERAL
602.01 Reckless or Negligent Operation of Aircraft
602.02 Fitness of Flight Crew Members
602.03 Alcohol or Drugs − Crew Members
602.04 Alcohol or Drugs − Passengers
602.05 Compliance with Instructions
602.06 Smoking
602.07 Aircraft Operating Limitations
602.08 Portable Electronic Devices
602.09 Fuelling with Engines Running
• 602.10 Starting and Ground Running of Aircraft Engines
• 602.11 Aircraft Icing
• 602.12 Overflight of Built-up Areas or Open-Air Assemblies of Persons during Take-offs, Approaches and Landings
• 602.13 Take-offs, Approaches and Landings within Built-up Areas of Cities and Towns
• 602.14Minimum Altitude and Distances
602.15 Permissible Low Altitude Flight
• 602.19 Right-of-Way − General
602.20 Right-of-Way − Aircraft Manoeuvring on Water
• 602.21 Avoidance of Collision
602.22 Towing
602.23 Dropping of Objects
602.24 Formation Flight
602.25 Entering or Leaving an Aircraft in Flight
602.26 Parachute Descents
• 602.27 Aerobatic Manoeuvres − Prohibited Areas and Flight Conditions
602.28 Aerobatic Manoeuvres with Passengers
• 602.31 Compliance with Air Traffic Control Instructions and Clearances
602.32 Airspeed Limitations
• 602.34 Cruising Altitudes and Cruising Flight Levels
• 602.35 Altimeter-setting and Operating Procedures in the Altimeter-setting Region
• 602.36 Altimeter-setting and Operating Procedures in the Standard Pressure Region
602.37 Altimeter-setting and Operating Procedures in Transition between Regions
602.40 Landing at or Take-off from an Aerodrome at Night
7
OPERATIONAL AND EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
602.58 Prohibition
602.59 Equipment Standards
• 602.60 Requirements for Power-driven Aircraft
602.61 Survival Equipment − Flights over Land
• 602.62 Life Preservers and Flotation Devices
• 602.63 Life Rafts and Survival Equipment – Flight over Water
FLIGHT PREPARATION, FLIGHT PLANS AND FLIGHT ITINERARIES
602.70 Interpretation
602.71 Pre-flight Information
602.72Weather Information
• 602.73 Requirements to File a Flight Plan or a Flight Itinerary
602.74 Contents of a Flight Plan or a Flight Itinerary
602.75 Filing of a Flight Plan or a Flight Itinerary
• 602.76 Changes in the Flight Plan
• 602.77 Requirement to File an Arrival Report
602.78 Contents of an Arrival Report
602.79 Overdue Aircraft Report
PRE-FLIGHT AND FUEL REQUIREMENTS
602.86 Carry-on Baggage, Equipment and Cargo
• 602.88 Fuel Requirements
602.89 Passenger Briefings
OPERATIONS AT OR IN THE VICINITY OF AN AERODROME
• 602.96 General
• 602.97 VFR and IFR Aircraft Operations at Uncontrolled Aerodromes within a MF Area (Mandatory Frequency Area)
• 602.98 General MF Reporting Requirements
• 602.99MF Reporting Procedures before Entering Manoeuvring Area
• 602.100 MF Reporting Procedures on Departure
• 602.101 MF Reporting Procedures on Arrival
• 602.102 MF Reporting Procedures when Flying Continuous Circuits
• 602.103 Reporting Procedures when Flying through an MF Area
VISUAL FLIGHT RULES
• 602.114 Minimum Visual Meteorological Conditions for VFR Flight in VFR Flight in Controlled Airspace
• 602.115 Minimum Visual Meteorological Conditions for VFR Flight in Uncontrolled Airspace
• 602.116 VFR Over-the-Top
• 602.117 Special VFR Flight
RADIOCOMMUNICATIONS
602.136 Continuous Listening Watch
• 602.138 Two-way Radiocommunication Failure in VFR Flight
EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS AND SECURITY
602.143 Emergency Radio Frequency Capability
602.144 Interception Signals, Interception of Aircraft and Instructions to Land
602.145 ADIZ
602.146 ESCAT Plan
605 − AIRCRAFT REQUIREMENTS
8
GENERAL
605.03 Flight Authority
605.04 Availability of Aircraft Flight Manual
605.05Markings and Placards
605.08 Unserviceable and Removed Equipment − General
AIRCRAFT EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
• 605.14 Power-driven Aircraft − Day VFR
605.15 Power-driven Aircraft – VFR OTT (Over-the-Top)
605.16 Power-driven Aircraft – Night VFR
605.17 Use of Position and Anti-collision Lights
605.22 Seat and Safety Belt Requirements
605.24 Shoulder Harness Requirements
• 605.25 General use of Safety Belts and Restraint Systems
605.28 Child Restraint System
605.29 Flight Control Locks
605.31 Oxygen Equipment and Supply
• 605.32 Use of Oxygen
• 605.35 Transponder and Automatic Pressure-altitude Reporting Equipment
605.38 ELT
• 605.40 ELT Activation AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS
605.84 Aircraft Maintenance − General
605.85Maintenance Release and Elementary Work
605.86Maintenance Schedule
605.88 Inspection after Abnormal Occurrences
TECHNICAL RECORD
605.92 Requirement to Keep Technical Records
605.93 Technical Records − General
605.94 Journey Log Requirements
605.95 Journey Log − Carrying on Board
605.97 Transfer of Records
606 − MISCELLANEOUS
606.02 Liability Insurance
9
TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD OF CANADA (TSB) − (AIM GEN 3.0)
1 Definitions
• 2 Reporting an aviation occurrence
• 3 Protection of occurrence site
AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES AND PROCEDURES
• 1 Air Traffic Services and Advisory Services
• 2 Communication procedures
• 3 Radar service − clock position system
• 4 ATC clearances and instructions
5 Wake turbulence separation
• 6 Controlled and uncontrolled aerodrome operations
7 Mandatory (MF) and Aerodrome Traffic Frequencies (ATF)
8 VFR en route procedures
9 VFR holding procedures
• 10Operations on intersecting runways including (LAHSO)
• 11 Procedures for the prevention of runway incursion
10
NAVIGATION
NAVIGATION AND RADIO AIDS
DEFINITIONS
1 Meridian
2 Prime Meridian
3 Longitude
4 Equator
5 Latitude
6 Rhumb Line/Great Circle
7 Variation
8 Isogonal
9 Agonic Line
10 Deviation
11 Track
12 Heading
13 Airspeed
14Ground Speed
15 Air Position
16 Ground Position
17 Bearing
18Wind Velocity
19 Drift
MAPS AND CHARTS
1 VTA − Transverse Mercator Projection
2 VNC − Lambert Conformal Conic Projection
• 3 Topographical symbols
• 4 Elevation and contours (relief)
• 5 Aeronautical information
• 6 Scale and units of measurement
• 7 Locating position by latitude and longitude
8 Navigation aids
TIME AND LONGITUDE
1 24 hour system
2 Time Zones and relation to longitude
3 Conversion of UTC to local and vice versa
PILOT NAVIGATION
1 Use of Aeronautical Charts
• 2 Measurement of track and distance
3 Map reading
4 Setting heading − visual angle of departure
5 Check-points and pin-points
6 Use of position lines to obtain a fix
• 7 Ground Speed checks and ETA revisions
• 8 Variation/deviation
• 9 True track/magnetic track
10 Determining drift by 10° lines
11 Double track error method to regain track
12Opening and closing angles method
13 Visual alteration method of correcting to track
• 14 Diversion to alternate destination
• 15 Return to departure point (Reciprocal Track)
16 Low Level Navigation
17 Dead reckoning (DR navigation), triangle of velocity
18 In-flight log and mental calculations
• 19 Procedures when lost
20 True, magnetic and compass headings
21 Indicated airspeed, calibrated airspeed
22 True airspeed, ground speed
23 Compass errors
24 Radio communications
11
NAVIGATION COMPUTERS
• 1 Heading and ground speed
• 2 Pressure, density and true altitudes
• 3 Indicated, calibrated and true airspeed
• 4 Time, ground speed and distance
• 5 Fuel consumption and conversions
PRE-FLIGHT PREPARATION
• 1 Factors affecting choice of route
2 Map preparation
3 Meteorological information
• 4 NOTAM
5 Selection of check-points
• 6 Fuel requirements
• 7 Weight and balance
• 8 Use of Canada Flight Supplement
9 Documents to be carried in aircraft
10 Flight Plans, itineraries
11 Flight log forms
12 Aircraft serviceability
RADIO THEORY
1 Characteristics of low, high and very high frequency radio waves
2 Frequency bands used in navigation and communication
3 Reception limitations
VHF OMNIDIRECTION RANGE (VOR)
1 Aircraft equipment
2 Tuning and identifying
3 Serviceability check
• 4 Interpretation, orientation and homing
5 Voice feature
AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER (ADF)
1 Aircraft equipment
2 Tuning and identifying
3 Serviceability check
4 Interpretation, orientation and homing
5 Voice feature
GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM (GNSS/GPS)
• 1 Basic principles, use and limitations
OTHER RADIO AND RADAR AIDS – BASIC PRINCIPLES AND USE
• 1 Transponder
• 2 Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)
• 3 VHF Direction Finding (DF) assistance
4 Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR) (primary and secondary)
12
METEOROLOGY
METEOROLOGY
THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE
1 Composition and physical properties
2 Vertical structure
3 Standard atmosphere
4 Density and pressure
5 Expansion and compression
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
1 Units of measurement
2 Station pressure
3 Sea level pressure
4 Pressure systems and their variations
5 Effects of temperature
6 Isobars
METEOROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ALTIMETRY
• 1 Pressure altitude
• 2 Density altitude
• 3 Altimeter settings
• 4 Considerations when flying to/from high to low pressure or temperature areas
TEMPERATURE
• 1 Heating and cooling of the atmosphere − convection, advection and radiation
2 Horizontal differences
• 3 Temperature variations with altitude
• 4 Inversions
5 Isothermal layers
MOISTURE
• 1 Relative humidity and dewpoint
2 Sublimation and condensation
3 Cloud formation
4 Precipitation
5 Saturated and dry adiabatic lapse rate
STABILITY AND INSTABILITY
1 Lapse rate and stability
2 Modification of stability
• 3 Characteristics of stable and unstable air
4 Surface heating and cooling
• 5 Lifting processes
6 Subsidence and convergence
CLOUDS
1 Classification
2 Formation and structure
• 3 Types and recognition
• 4 Associated precipitation and turbulence
SURFACE BASED LAYERS
• 1 Fog formation
• 2 Fog types (including mist)
3 Haze and smoke
4 Blowing obstruction to vision
TURBULENCE
1 Convection
2 Mechanical
3 Orographic
• 4 Wind shear
5 Reporting criteria
WIND
1 Definition
• 2 Pressure gradient
3 Deflection caused by the earth's rotation
• 4 Low level winds − variation in surface wind
5 Friction
• 6 Veer/back
7 Squall/gusts
8 Diurnal effects
9 Land and sea breezes
10 Katabatic and anabatic effects
• 11 Topographical effects
• 12Wind shear − types, causes
13
AIR MASSES
1 Definition and characteristics
2 Formation and classification
3 Modification
4 Factors that determine weather
5 Seasonal and geographic effects
6 Air masses affecting North America
FRONTS
1 Structure
• 2 Types
3 Formation
4 Cross-sections
• 5 Cold front weather
• 6 Warm front weather
7 Trowal and upper front
AIRCRAFT ICING
1 In-flight − freezing rain
2 Hoar frost
3 Impact icing (engine)
THUNDERSTORMS
• 1 Requirements for development
2 Structure and development
3 Types − air mass and frontal
• 4 Hazards − Updrafts, downdrafts, gust fronts, downbursts, microbursts, hail and lightning
5 Squall lines
HURRICANES AND TORNADOES
1 Hazards
METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES AVAILABLE TO PILOTS
1 Aviation Weather Information Services (AWIS)
2 Aviation Weather Briefing Service (AWBS)
3 Flight Service Stations (FSS) and Flight Information Centres
4 Pilot's Automatic Telephone Weather Answering Service (PATWAS)
5 Aviation Weather Web Site (AWWS)
6 Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS)
AVIATION WEATHER REPORTS
• 1 Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR) – decoding
2 Automated Weather Observation Station (AWOS)
3 Pilot Reports (PIREP)
AVIATION FORECASTS
• 1 Times issued and period of coverage
• 2 Decoding
• 3 Graphical Area Forecast (GFA)
• 4 Terminal Area Forecast (TAF)
• 5 Upper Winds and Temperature Forecast (FD)
6 Airman's Meteorological Advisory (AIRMET)
• 7 Significant In-flight Weather Warning Message (SIGMET)
WEATHER MAPS AND PROGNOSTIC CHARTS
1 Times issued and period of coverage
2 Symbols and decoding
3 Surface weather map
4 Upper air charts − weather Information to 700 mb Level
5 Prognostic surface charts
14
AERONAUTICS - GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
AIRFRAMES, ENGINES AND SYSTEMS
AIRFRAMES
1 Types of construction
LANDING GEAR, BRAKES AND FLAPS
1 Mechanical
2 Hydraulic
3 Electric
ENGINES
1 Two and four stroke cycle
2 Methods of cooling
3 Principle of the magneto
• 4 Dual ignition
5 Exhaust systems
• 6 Auxiliary controls
7 Turbo-charging
8 Effects of density altitudes and humidity
9 Limitations and operations
10 Instruments
CARBURATION
1 Theory of operation
• 2 Fuel-air mixture
• 3 Mixture controls
• 4 Carburettor icing
• 5 Use of Carb heat and its effects on mixture
FUEL INJECTION
1 Principle and operation
2 Icing
3 Alternate air
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
1 Generator, alternator and battery
2 Lighting
3 Ammeter and load meter
4 Bus bars
5 Circuit breakers and fuses
6 Grounding and bonding
LUBRICATING SYSTEMS AND OILS
• 1 Types, viscosity, grades and seasonal use
• 2 Purposes
3 Methods of lubrication
4 Venting
5 Filters
6 Oil Cooler
FUEL SYSTEM AND FUELS
1 Types − Colour and properties
2 Density and weight
3 Additives
• 4 Contamination and deterioration
5 Tank location
6 Venting
7 Fuel line − filters and drains
8 Induction manifold
• 9 Detonation − causes and effects
10 Vapour lock
11 Primers
12 Fuel management
• 13 Fuel handling − fuelling aircraft
OTHER AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS
1 Oxygen
2 Vacuum
15
THEORY OF FLIGHT
PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
1 Bernoulli's Theorem
2 Newton's Laws
FORCES ACTING ON AN AEROPLANE
• 1 Lift
• 2 Drag − induced and parasite
• 3 Relationship of lift and drag to angle of attack
4 Thrust
5 Weight
6 Equilibrium
7 Centre of pressure
8 Centrifugal and centripetal
• 9 Forces acting on an aircraft during manoeuvres
• 10 Relationship of load factor to stalling speed
• 11 Structural limitations
12 Gust loads
AEROFOILS
1 Pressure distribution about an aerofoil
• 2 Relative airflow and angle of attack
3 Downwash
4 Wing tip vortices
5 Angle of incidence
PROPELLERS
1 Propeller efficiency at various speeds
2 Fixed and variable pitch
3 Torque, slipstream, gyroscopic effect and asymmetric thrust
DESIGN OF THE WING
1 Wing planform
2 Area, span, chord
3 Aspect ratio
4 Streamlining
5 Camber
6 Laminar flow
7 Dihedral, anhedral
8 Wash in, wash out
9 Slots, slats
10 Wing fences, stall strips
11 Spoilers
• 12 Flaps
13 Canards
STABILITY
• 1 Longitudinal, lateral and directional stability
2 Inherent stability
3 Methods of achieving stability
FLIGHT CONTROLS
1 Aeroplane axes and planes of movement
2 Functions of controls
3 Relationship between effects of yaw and roll
4 Adverse yaw, aileron drag
5 Static and dynamic balancing of controls
6 Trim and trimming devices
16
FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS
PITOT STATIC SYSTEM
• 1 Pitot
• 2 Static
3 Anti-icing
4 Alternate static − source, errors
AIRSPEED INDICATOR
1 Principles of Operation
• 2 Errors
• 3 Markings
4 Definitions (IAS/CAS/TAS)
VERTICAL SPEED INDICATOR
1 Principles of operation
2 Errors
3 Lag
ALTIMETER/ENCODING ALTIMETER
1 Principles of operation
2 Errors
MAGNETIC COMPASS
1 Principles of operation
• 2 Magnetic dip
• 3 Turning, acceleration and deceleration errors
4 Deviation
5 Compass correction card
6 Compass serviceability
GYROSCOPE
1 Principles of operation
2 Inertia
3 Precession
HEADING INDICATOR
• 1 Principles of operation
• 2 Errors
3 Limitations
4 Power sources
ATTITUDE INDICATOR
• 1 Principles of operations
• 2 Errors
3 Limitations
4 Power sources
TURN AND BANK INDICATOR/TURN CO-ORDINATOR
• 1 Principles of operations
2 Errors
3 Limitations
4 Power sources
INSTRUMENT FLYING
1 Loss of visual reference
2 The control and performance instruments
3 Instrument scan and interpretation
4 Aircraft control
5 Unusual attitudes and recoveries
17
FLIGHT OPERATIONS
GENERAL
1 Pilot-In-Command responsibilities
2 Winter operations
3 Thunderstorms avoidance
4 Mountain flying operations
5 Collision avoidance − use of landing lights
• 6 Runway numbering
7 Airport rotating beacon
8 VASIS/PAPI
9 Obstruction marking and lighting
10 Units of measurements and conversion
11 Radio communications
• 12Wheelbarrowing
• 13 Hydro-planning
• 14 Taxiing
• 15 Effects of wind and wind shear
• 16 Side-slips
USE OF PERFORMANCE CHARTS
• 1 Take-off charts
• 2 Cross-wind charts
• 3 Canadian Runway Friction Index (CRFI)
• 4 Cruise charts
5 Fuel burn charts
• 6 Landing charts
7 Performance (V) speeds − Va, Vno, Vfe, Vlo, Vne, Vs, Vx, Vy
8 Effect of ice, snow, frost, slush, water on take-off and landing distance
9 Effect of various runway surfaces on take-off and landing distance
10 Upslope, downslope runway
AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE
• 1 Effects of aircraft critical surface contamination
2 Lift/drag ratio
• 3 Effects of density altitude and humidity
4 Attitude plus power equals performance
5 Normal, short, soft and rough field take-offs and landing
• 6 Ground effect
• 7 Best angle of climb (Vx)
• 8 Best rate of climb (Vy)
• 9 Manoeuvring speed (Va)
10 Normal operating limit speed (Vno)
11 Never exceed speed (Vne)
12Maximum flap speed (Vfe)
13Maximum gear operating speed (Vlo)
14 Gliding for range
15 Flying for range
16 Flying for endurance
• 17 Slow flight
• 18 Stalls
• 19 Indicated and true stalling speed
• 20 Stall speed vs altitude
• 21 Spins
• 22 Spirals
23 Recommended safe recovery altitudes
24 Bank/speed vs rate/radius of turn
• 25 Effects of change of weight or centre of gravity (CG) on performance
26 Use of aircraft flight manual and approved operational information
27 Use of unapproved operational information
18
WEIGHT AND BALANCE
1 Terms − e.g. datum, arm and moment
• 2 Locating CG
• 3 CG limits
4 Empty weight and gross weight
5 Load adjustment
6 Cargo tie-down and passenger loading
• 7 Normal and utility category
WAKE TURBULENCE
• 1 Causes
• 2 Effects
• 3 Avoidance
SEARCH AND RESCUE (SAR) (AIM Canada − SAR Information)
1 Types of service available
• 2 ELT (exclude categories)
3 Aircraft emergencies
4 Survival – basic techniques
AIRCRAFT CRITICAL SURFACE CONTAMINATION
1 Clean aircraft concept
2 Frozen contaminants and removal techniques
3 Cold soaking phenomenon
4 Pre-take-off contamination inspection
5 De-ice/Anti-ice fluids - Type I, II, III, IV
6 Correct use of fluids
19
HUMAN FACTORS
AVIATION PHYSIOLOGY
• 1 Hypoxia and hyperventilation
2 Gas expansion effects
3 Decompression (including SCUBA diving)
• 4 Visual scanning techniques
5 Hearing
• 6 Orientation and disorientation (Including visual and vestibular illusions)
7 Positive and negative “G”
8 Sleep and fatigue
9 Anaesthetics
10 Blood donations
THE PILOT AND THE OPERATING ENVIRONMENT
1 Personal health and fitness
2 Diet and nutrition
• 3 Medications (prescribed and over-the-counter)
4 Substance abuse (alcohol and drugs)
5 Pregnancy
6 Heat and cold
7 Noise and vibration
8 Effects of smoking
• 9 Toxic hazards (including carbon monoxide)
AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY
1 The decision-making process
• 2 Factors that influence decision- making
• 3 Situational awareness
• 4 Stress
• 5 Managing risk
6 Attitudes
7 Workload − attention and information processing
PILOT − EQUIPMENT/MATERIALS RELATIONSHIP
1 Controls and displays − errors in interpretation and control
2 Errors in the interpretation and use of maps and charts
3 Correct use of check-lists and manuals
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS
1 Communications with maintenance personnel, air traffic services and passengers
2 Operating pressures − family relationships and peer group
20
RECOMMENDED STUDY MATERIAL
• Sample Examination for Private Pilot Licence (TP 13014E)
• Student Pilot Permit or Private Pilot Licence for Foreign and Military Applicants, Air Regulations (PSTAR) (TP 11919E)
• When in Doubt… Small and Large Aircraft - Aircraft Critical Surface Contamination Training (TP 10643E)
• Air Command Weather Manual (TP 9352E)
• Air Command Weather Manual (Supplement) (TP 9353E)
• Flight Training Manual
• Human Factors for Aviation - Basic Handbook (TP 12863E)
• Aeronautical Information Manual (TC AIM) (TP 14371E )
• Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs)
• VFR Navigation Charts (VNC) / VFR Terminal Area Charts (VTA)
• Canada Flight Supplement (CFS)
The Study Guide (RIC-21) for the Radiotelephone Operator's Restricted Certificate (Aeronautical) is available free of charge from district offices of Industry Canada - Examination and Radio Licensing (http://www.strategis.gc.ca).
Information on textbooks and other publications produced by commercial publishers can be obtained through local flying training organizations, bookstores and similar sources.
21
RECOMMENDED STUDY MATERIAL FOR THE FAA CONVERSION EXAMINATION
Candidates attempting the examination for conversion from an FAA certificate to a Canadian Private pilot licence (FAAPA examination) are encouraged to review the following references as they apply to aeroplanes in VFR operations:
CARs Part I, Subpart 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS
101.01 - Interpretation (definitions as needed)
CARs Part IV, Subpart 1 FLIGHT CREW PERMITS, LICENCES AND RATINGS
401.05 – Recency Requirements
401.26 – Private Pilot Licence, Aeroplanes – Privileges
CARs Part IV, Subpart 4 MEDICAL REQUIREMENTS
404.04 – Issuance, Renewal, validity Period and Extension of a medical certificate
CARs Part VI, Subpart 1 AIRSPACE
Division I – Airspace Structure, Classification and Use
Division II – Aircraft Operating Restrictions and Hazards to Aviation Safety
CARs Part VI, Subpart 2 OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES
Division I – General
Division II – Operational and emergency Equipment requirements
Division III – Flight Preparation, Flight Plans and Flight Itineraries
Division IV – Pre-Flight and Fuel Requirements
Division V – Operations at or in the Vicinity of an Aerodrome
Division VI – Visual Flight Rules
Division VIII – Radiocommunications
Division IX – Emergency Communications and Security
CARs Part VI, Subpart 5 AIRCRAFT REQUIRMENTS
Division I – Aircraft Requirements – General
Division II – Aircraft Equipment Requirements
TC AIM – GEN GENERAL
1.0 – General Information
3.0 – Transportation Safety Board of Canada
TC AIM – AGA AERODROMES
7.19 – Aerodrome Lightning – Aircraft Radio control of Aerodrome Lightning (ARCAL)
TC AIM – COM COMMUNICATIONS
5.15 – Radio Communications – Phone use during radio Communication Failure
TC AIM – RAC RULES OF THE AIR AND AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES
2.0 – Airspace – Requirements and Procedures
3.6 – Flight Planning – Flight Plans and flight Itineraries (Opening)
3.12 – Closing
4.0 – Airport Operations
5.0 – VFR En Route Procedures
TC AIM – SAR SEARCH AND RESCUE
22
3.9 – emergency Locator transmitter – Schedule of requirements
TC AIM – MAP AERONAUTICAL CHARTS AND PUBLICATIONS
2.0 – Aeronautical Information – VFR
6.0 – Aeronautical Information Circulars – General
TC LRA LICENSING, REGISTRATION AND AIRWORTHINESS
3.9 – Pilot Licensing – Recency Requirements
TC AIM – AIR AIRMANSHIP
1.6 – General Information – Canadian Runway Friction Index
2.12 – Flight Operations – Flight Operations in Winter
23
ENQUIRIES
Information concerning the location of pilot training organizations and matters pertaining to flight crew licensing may be obtained by contacting the appropriate Regional Offices. A complete listing may be found at: http://www.tc.gc.ca/fra/aviationcivile/normes/generale-examens-centres-2178.htm